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The History of Public Health 公共健康历史 By Graham Mooney 讲师 ：Graham Mooney Audio A 录音A (00:25) Hello everybody, and welcome to the class in the history of public health on education and mothering. Today I will talk about public health in the home and in the classroom. And to do that, we need to look particularly about the history of interaction of the public health with education and with mothering. 大家好，首先欢迎大家来到公共健康历史之教育与育儿的课堂。今天我想谈谈家庭和教室里的公共健康。在这之前，我们需要研究下在教育领域和育儿领域的公共健康的交叉的历史。 (00:44)And one of the links I hope you will make from the previous class on the role of public health in a work place is the way which legislation become regularly began to focus on individuals and people themselves. So you may recall that some of the legislations and work places focused upon from the hygienic standards of workers in the factories and workshops. 在上课之前我希望你们回顾一下，对于工作场所里的公共卫生，法律已经逐渐开始关注个人层面上了。所以你们可以回忆一下，在一些工厂和车间，立法机关和公司很关注工人的卫生标准。 (01:10) And it is a gradual indication that the public health was shifting a way from its primary concerns with the physical environment in the outside world and gradually moving towards the interventions that considered people's personal hygiene and people's behaviors and health-up affected the health. And one important uncared aspect in relation of this is the way in which the public health began to concern itself with the health of infants and the health of children. 公共卫生已经从最开始的关心外界环境卫生，慢慢的转移到关注个人卫生及个人行为习惯对健康的影响上来了。这是一个逐渐形成的趋势。而其中之前不太被注意的婴儿和儿童的健康也慢慢引起了社会的关注。 (01:42) So what I like to do in this particular class is to look at excessive measures that will direct a younger populations within society. And to do that, we have to begin to think about, is the way in which the children's role in society was changing over the 19th and 20th centuries. And what if to briefly look at that shifting social role of children, we got to begin to look at some of the specific policies that were put in place to secure children's health. 所以，在这节课我要做的就是，找到可以引导年轻一代健康生活的合理措施。在此之前，我们需要了解在19世纪和20世纪中，儿童在社会中扮演的角色的演变过程，以及为了确保儿童健康而实施的特殊政策。 (02:14)And these specific policies include the introduction of the school medical services, the role of the schools in the development of public health interventions to control and manage outbreaks of infectious diseases, and also policies that concentrate specifically on reducing the very high level of infant mortality and therefore focus upon mothers, on educating parents in bringing up children and the care and the feeding of infants. 这些政策包括：学校医疗服务的引入；对学校在公共卫生方面控制和管理传染性疾病的角色的介绍；为降低婴儿高死亡率颁布的政策，及由此引出的对母亲，正学习如何养育孩子的父母，及对婴儿的照顾和喂养方面的关注。 (02:45) So let's begin this discussion with the brief look at the shifting role of children in the society of 19th and early 20th centuries. Well one of the crucial developments during this period was the increasing provision of free and compulsory education across Western Europe and North America. In Great Britain in the 1870s and 80s, legislations were introduced to ensure that children had a compulsory schooling before they went into the world of work and legislation had some particular impacts in the rights in the ages that children were allowed to leave school. So then by 1899 in the Great Britain, a child had to be 12 before they were allowed to leave compulsory education. 我们先简单看看19世纪及20世纪初儿童社会地位的变化来开始我们今天的讨论。其中最重要的进步之一是西欧和北美逐渐增加了免费教育和义务教育。在19世纪七八十年代的英国，立法机关为保障儿童在进入社会工作之前能接受义务教育做出了贡献，同时也对儿童离校年龄这一权利产生了特殊影响。所以1899年开始，英国儿童须满12岁后才可终止义务教育。 (03:34) They had to achieve certain standards in educational achievements before they took of an occupation. And the immediate impacts of the education legislation such as this across Europe was, first of all, to restrict child wage labor and this went hand in hand with factory legislation that restricted the number of hours that children were allowed to work in factories and workshops. I want to also have some facts on was the domestic role of children. So children were increasingly being taken out of the work place and out of the home and spending more and more their time in schools and classrooms. So that was a dull impact of educational legislations that was felt across Europe and North America towards the end of the 19th century. 儿童必须在教育成就中达到一定的标准才可以参加工作。在欧洲，教育立法的直接影响首先是对儿童雇用劳动的限制，同时工厂立法也限制了儿童在工厂和车间的工作时间。一些事实说明国内儿童也发生了同样变化。所以儿童越来越少的呆在工厂和家里，越来越多的时间都在学校和教室。所以对19世纪末的欧洲和北美来说，这是教育立法的负面影响。 (04:23) And it has been argued that this expansion of a free and compulsory education has a range of impacts on the role of children within a society. First of all, what a free and compulsory education did was to emphasize working class immigrants. This is across the range of academic fields both certainly in relation to health and hygiene. There was an emergence once large numbers of children were passing through the school system. The basic elementary codes of hygiene and hygienic conducts and personal habits were lacking in the working-class populations. 关于免费教育和义务教育的扩张对儿童产生的广泛影响，社会上一直存在争议。首先，免费教育和义务教育主要是针对工人阶级的移民的。这种教育忽略了健康和卫生领域的理论知识。当大量学生通过学校考核进入社会的时候，问题就出现了。工人阶层缺乏对卫生、卫生行为和个人习惯的基本认识。 (05:05) A second impact was the free and compulsory education restricted children's adult roles. So in sense of what the education legislation did was that it returned the idea of innocence to childhood and growing up. It took children out of the work place and out of the harsh realities of wage labor and emphasized the importance of education and the importance of children not having to participate in an industrial world in such an early age. 其次，免费教育和义务教育限制了儿童的成人角色。教育立法是为了让儿童在儿童时期和成长中保持了童真。它将儿童从工作场所和复杂的雇用劳动现实中隔离出来，并强调教育的重要性和儿童在幼年不参与工业世界的重要性。 (05:38) So in this sense, we have the separation of adult worlds and child worlds. Schools became the proper place for children's obey. Factories, workshops and mines were not the sources of place that children were increasingly expected to inhabit. So you have the separation between the working world and the educational world. 由此，成人世界和儿童世界被分开了。学校成了儿童的理想乐园。工厂、车间和矿井不再是他们日益渴望去的地方。这样就在工作世界和教育世界产生了沟壑。 (06:01) And another impact which doesn't really affect what we are talking about today but has been noted by historians is that the free and compulsory education also legally opened children to assaults via corporal punishment. So that is important if you like the balance to this returning of innocence that education is supposed to provide for children. Decided the corporal punishment was legal in schools and therefore it made violent assault acceptable on children during this period. 再次，免费教育和义务教育将儿童合法的暴露在体罚之下。所以如果你想在体罚和童真间找到平衡点，就要知道教育打算为儿童提供什么,这一点很重要。如果认为在学校体罚学生是合法的，这将会让儿童从这个时期就开始接受暴力攻击了。这一影响虽然与今天的主题没太大关系，但是已经被越来越多的历史学家注意到了。 (06:35) Another serious point however, the harsh implications for the debate of public health and the wealth of children is the recognition of children were increasingly seen as valuable in relation of tools, forms and investments. And when we talk about investment here we talk about economic investments, occupational investments, military investments, demographic and emotional investments. Children are increasingly seen as being crucial to the future developments of nations, and societies, so it was seen as being important to educate children for their future roles within society. 另外比较重要的一个坏的影响就是，儿童在工具、精神和投资方面的价值的得到越来越多的认可，这一点也引发了关于公共健康和儿童的社会价值的激烈辩论。我们这里所说的投资是指经济投资、职业投资、军事投资和人口统计学及情感投资。儿童越来越多的被认为是民族和社会发展的明日栋梁，所以为了让他们在未来的社会中扮演好角色，儿童的教育很重要。 (07:19) So in thess varies ways, social policy in relation with education move from rescue redemption and reform which have been some of the moral impulses for the factory and workplace legislations，to an involvement of a consciously designed pursuit for the national interest which included not just public health but also all-round efficiency, responsible parenthood and social purity. 综合以上几个方面，与教育相关的社会政策的关注点，已经从拯救迷途羔羊和为了成为工厂和车间的道德推动力而改革法律法规方面，转移到与有意识地制定与社会需求一致的政策上来了，包括公共卫生及多方面的效率，父母责任和纯净的社会。 (07:47) And this sort of consideration was critically important toward the end of the 19th century and Western Europe where the various powers such as UK, Germany and France were competing its international level for the control of resources and power across the globe. So there is an important element here that children were seen as the future not only of the nation but also of empires. 这种考虑对于19世纪末是至关重要的。西欧国家的各种力量，例如英国、德国和法国，都在为取得全球资源和权力控制权而竞相显示自己的国际水准。所以，作为代表民族和帝国的未来的儿童成了这时期的重要元素。 (08:15) And this is the brief indication, a statistical indication, the impacts of the compulsory education had on the employment of children. What you have here are data broken down between boys and girls of the percents of the children at the age of 15 who were employed in England and Wales. 这是一个关于义务教育对儿童的雇用情况影响的简单的统计学图表。图表反映了英国和威尔士的15岁儿童被雇用的情况。男童和女童的数据是分开给出的。 (08:36) And you can see that over this period, 1851 to 1911, you have a 50% reduction for those boys and girls in terms of their participation in the work place. So in 1851, almost 37% of boys and almost 20% of girls aged on the 15 were employed. By 1911, these figures dropped to below 20% for boys and to almost and to around about 10% for girls. So you can see the impacts that factory legislation and educational legislation had on taking children out of the work place and providing them with that and seperal sphere and seperal world that were referred to earlier. 我们可以看出，从1851年到1911年，参加工作的男童和女童数量减少了50%。1851年，在15岁的儿童中，有接近37%男童和20%女童被雇用。到1911年时，这一数据已经降低了，只有不到20%的男童和10%左右的女童被雇用。对比之前数据，我们可以看出工厂立法和教育立法对限制儿童工作所产生的影响。 (09:24) So that is the brief overview of shifting role of children in society and I hope it will provide you with an indication of this sort of shift that was taking place. 以上就是对儿童社会地位变化的简单回顾，我希望这种迹象能让你们明白这种变化过去一直在发生。 Last Modified 10/23/08 12:06 AM |
